what is wrong with the following communication processes as they relate to patients

ane.2 The Advice Procedure

Learning Objectives

1. Identify and define the components of the manual model of communication.
2. Place and define the components of the interaction model of communication.
3. Identify and define the components of the transaction model of advice.
4. Compare and dissimilarity the three models of communication.
5. Utilize the transaction model of communication to analyze a recent communication come across.

Advice is a complex process, and information technology is difficult to determine where or with whom a communication encounter starts and ends. Models of communication simplify the procedure by providing a visual representation of the various aspects of a communication run across. Some models explain communication in more than detail than others, simply even the most complex model yet doesn't recreate what we experience in fifty-fifty a moment of a advice encounter. Models still serve a valuable purpose for students of communication because they let us to run across specific concepts and steps within the process of communication, define advice, and apply advice concepts. When you get enlightened of how communication functions, you can recall more deliberately through your communication encounters, which can help you ameliorate prepare for future communication and larn from your previous communication. The three models of communication we will talk over are the manual, interaction, and transaction models.

Although these models of advice differ, they contain some mutual elements. The outset two models we will discuss, the transmission model and the interaction model, include the post-obit parts: participants, letters, encoding, decoding, and channels. In communication models, the participants are the senders and/or receivers of letters in a communication encounter. The message is the exact or nonverbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver. For case, when y'all say "Hello!" to your friend, y'all are sending a bulletin of greeting that will exist received by your friend.

Although models of communication provide a useful blueprint to see how the communication process works, they are not complex enough to capture what communication is like equally it is experienced.

The internal cognitive process that allows participants to ship, receive, and understand letters is the encoding and decoding process. Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication. As we will learn later, the level of conscious thought that goes into encoding messages varies. Decoding is the process of turning communication into thoughts. For example, you may realize you're hungry and encode the following message to send to your roommate: "I'm hungry. Do you lot desire to get pizza this evening?" Every bit your roommate receives the message, he decodes your communication and turns it dorsum into thoughts in order to make significant out of it. Of course, we don't but communicate verbally—we have various options, or channels for communication. Encoded messages are sent through a channel, or a sensory route on which a message travels, to the receiver for decoding. While advice can be sent and received using whatsoever sensory road (sight, smell, bear on, taste, or sound), near advice occurs through visual (sight) and/or auditory (sound) channels. If your roommate has headphones on and is engrossed in a video game, you lot may demand to get his attention by waving your hands before you lot tin ask him about dinner.

Transmission Model of Communication

The transmission model of communication describes communication as a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver (Ellis & McClintock, 1990). This model focuses on the sender and message within a communication encounter. Although the receiver is included in the model, this role is viewed as more of a target or end signal rather than part of an ongoing process. Nosotros are left to assume that the receiver either successfully receives and understands the message or does not. The scholars who designed this model extended on a linear model proposed past Aristotle centuries before that included a speaker, message, and hearer. They were likewise influenced by the advent and spread of new communication technologies of the time such as telegraphy and radio, and you can probably come across these technical influences within the model (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). Remember of how a radio bulletin is sent from a person in the radio studio to you listening in your automobile. The sender is the radio announcer who encodes a verbal message that is transmitted past a radio belfry through electromagnetic waves (the channel) and eventually reaches your (the receiver's) ears via an antenna and speakers in guild to be decoded. The radio journalist doesn't really know if yous receive his or her message or not, but if the equipment is working and the channel is costless of static, and so there is a good chance that the message was successfully received.

Figure 1.1 The Transmission Model of Communication

Since this model is sender and bulletin focused, responsibility is put on the sender to assist ensure the message is successfully conveyed. This model emphasizes clarity and effectiveness, but it likewise acknowledges that at that place are barriers to effective communication. Dissonance is anything that interferes with a message being sent betwixt participants in a communication encounter. Even if a speaker sends a clear message, dissonance may interfere with a message beingness accurately received and decoded. The transmission model of communication accounts for ecology and semantic dissonance. Environmental dissonance is whatsoever physical racket nowadays in a communication see. Other people talking in a crowded diner could interfere with your ability to transmit a message and have it successfully decoded. While environmental noise interferes with the transmission of the bulletin, semantic noise refers to noise that occurs in the encoding and decoding procedure when participants do not empathize a symbol. To use a technical example, FM antennae can't decode AM radio signals and vice versa. Likewise, most French speakers tin't decode Swedish and vice versa. Semantic noise tin also interfere in communication between people speaking the aforementioned linguistic communication because many words accept multiple or unfamiliar meanings.

Although the manual model may seem simple or even underdeveloped to us today, the cosmos of this model allowed scholars to examine the advice process in new ways, which somewhen led to more complex models and theories of advice that we will discuss more subsequently. This model is not quite rich enough to capture dynamic face-to-face interactions, only there are instances in which communication is i-way and linear, especially computer-mediated advice (CMC). As the following "Getting Plugged In" box explains, CMC is integrated into many aspects of our lives now and has opened up new ways of communicating and brought some new challenges. Think of text messaging for case. The transmission model of advice is well suited for describing the act of text messaging since the sender isn't certain that the meaning was effectively conveyed or that the message was received at all. Noise can also interfere with the transmission of a text. If you use an abbreviation the receiver doesn't know or the phone autocorrects to something completely dissimilar than you meant, then semantic racket has interfered with the message transmission. I bask deal hunting at austerity stores, so I just recently sent a text to a friend request if she wanted to go thrifting over the weekend. Later on she replied with "What?!?" I reviewed my text and saw that my "smart" phone had autocorrected thrifting to thrusting! Y'all accept probable experienced similar problems with text messaging, and a quick Google search for examples of text messages made funny or embarrassing by the autocorrect feature proves that many others do, too.

"Getting Plugged In"

Reckoner-Mediated Communication

When the first computers were created effectually Globe War II and the first east-mails exchanged in the early 1960s, we took the first steps toward a future filled with computer-mediated communication (CMC) (Thurlow, Lengel, & Tomic, 2004). Those early steps turned into huge strides in the belatedly 1980s and early on 1990s when personal computers started becoming regular features in offices, classrooms, and homes. I recall getting our commencement home computer, a Tandy from Radio Shack, in the early 1990s then getting our first Net connection at domicile in well-nigh 1995. I set upwards my first east-mail service business relationship in 1996 and retrieve how novel and exciting it was to send and receive e-mails. I wasn't imagining a time when I would get dozens of due east-mails a day, much less exist able to check them on my cell phone! Many of you reading this book probably can't remember a time without CMC. If that'south the case, then you're what some scholars have chosen "digital natives." When you lot accept a moment to think about how, over the past twenty years, CMC has inverse the mode we teach and larn, communicate at work, stay in touch with friends, initiate romantic relationships, search for jobs, manage our money, get our news, and participate in our democracy, it actually is astonishing to remember that all that used to take identify without computers. But the increasing use of CMC has also raised some questions and concerns, even among those of you lot who are digital natives. Almost half of the students in my latest communication inquiry class wanted to do their final research projects on something related to social media. Many of them were interested in studying the effects of CMC on our personal lives and relationships. This desire to written report and question CMC may stem from an feet that people have almost the seeming loss or devaluing of face-to-face (FtF) communication. Bated from concerns most the digital cocoons that many of united states of america find ourselves in, CMC has as well raised concerns most privacy, cyberbullying, and lack of civility in online interactions. We will continue to explore many of these issues in the "Getting Plugged In" feature box included in each affiliate, but the following questions will help y'all begin to run across the influence that CMC has in your daily communication.

1. In a typical day, what types of CMC do you use?
2. What are some ways that CMC reduces stress in your life? What are some ways that CMC increases stress in your life? Overall, do y'all think CMC adds to or reduces your stress more?
3. Practise you call up we, as a society, accept less value for FtF advice than nosotros used to? Why or why not?

Interaction Model of Communication

The interaction model of communication describes advice every bit a process in which participants alternating positions as sender and receiver and generate pregnant past sending messages and receiving feedback within concrete and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, 1-way procedure, the interaction model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process. Feedback includes messages sent in response to other messages. For instance, your instructor may respond to a betoken yous raise during form give-and-take or you may signal to the sofa when your roommate asks y'all where the remote control is. The inclusion of a feedback loop likewise leads to a more circuitous understanding of the roles of participants in a communication encounter. Rather than having one sender, i message, and one receiver, this model has two sender-receivers who exchange messages. Each participant alternates roles equally sender and receiver in club to keep a communication run across going. Although this seems like a perceptible and deliberate process, we alternate between the roles of sender and receiver very quickly and oftentimes without witting thought.

The interaction model is also less bulletin focused and more interaction focused. While the transmission model focused on how a bulletin was transmitted and whether or not information technology was received, the interaction model is more concerned with the communication process itself. In fact, this model acknowledges that in that location are so many messages being sent at one time that many of them may not fifty-fifty be received. Some messages are also unintentionally sent. Therefore, advice isn't judged effective or ineffective in this model based on whether or non a unmarried message was successfully transmitted and received.

Figure 1.2 The Interaction Model of Communication

The interaction model takes physical and psychological context into account. Physical context includes the environmental factors in a communication encounter. The size, layout, temperature, and lighting of a infinite influence our advice. Imagine the different concrete contexts in which task interviews take place and how that may affect your advice. I have had chore interviews on a sofa in a comfortable role, sitting around a large conference tabular array, and fifty-fifty once in an auditorium where I was positioned on the stage facing about twenty potential colleagues seated in the audience. I've also been walked around campus to interview with various people in temperatures below cipher degrees. Although I was a petty chilly when I got to each separate interview, it wasn't also difficult to warm upward and go on with the interview. During a job interview in Puerto Rico, however, walking around outside wearing a accommodate in near xc degree temperatures created a sweating state of affairs that wasn't pleasant to endeavour to communicate through. Whether information technology's the size of the room, the temperature, or other environmental factors, it's important to consider the part that physical context plays in our communication.

Psychological context includes the mental and emotional factors in a communication meet. Stress, anxiety, and emotions are just some examples of psychological influences that can touch our advice. I recently found out some troubling news a few hours earlier a big public presentation. Information technology was challenging to attempt to communicate considering the psychological noise triggered by the stressful news kept intruding into my other thoughts. Seemingly positive psychological states, like experiencing the emotion of love, can besides affect communication. During the initial stages of a romantic relationship individuals may be so "love struck" that they don't run across incompatible personality traits or don't negatively evaluate behaviors they might otherwise discover off-putting. Feedback and context help brand the interaction model a more useful illustration of the communication process, but the transaction model views communication as a powerful tool that shapes our realities beyond individual communication encounters.

Transaction Model of Advice

As the written report of communication progressed, models expanded to business relationship for more of the communication process. Many scholars view communication as more than than a process that is used to carry on conversations and convey meaning. Nosotros don't send messages similar computers, and we don't neatly alternate between the roles of sender and receiver as an interaction unfolds. We also can't consciously decide to stop communicating, because communication is more than sending and receiving messages. The transaction model differs from the transmission and interaction models in significant means, including the conceptualization of communication, the function of sender and receiver, and the part of context (Barnlund, 1970).

To review, each model incorporates a different understanding of what communication is and what communication does. The manual model views communication as a affair, like an information bundle, that is sent from one place to another. From this view, communication is defined as sending and receiving letters. The interaction model views advice as an interaction in which a message is sent and and then followed by a reaction (feedback), which is then followed by another reaction, and so on. From this view, advice is divers as producing conversations and interactions within concrete and psychological contexts. The transaction model views advice as integrated into our social realities in such a way that it helps us not only understand them but too create and change them.

The transaction model of advice describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. In this model, we don't just communicate to substitution messages; we communicate to create relationships, grade intercultural alliances, shape our self-concepts, and appoint with others in dialogue to create communities. In brusque, we don't communicate about our realities; communication helps to construct our realities.

The roles of sender and receiver in the transaction model of communication differ significantly from the other models. Instead of labeling participants equally senders and receivers, the people in a communication encounter are referred to as communicators. Different the interaction model, which suggests that participants alternating positions every bit sender and receiver, the transaction model suggests that nosotros are simultaneously senders and receivers. For example, on a first date, every bit you ship exact messages near your interests and groundwork, your date reacts nonverbally. You don't wait until yous are done sending your verbal message to start receiving and decoding the nonverbal messages of your appointment. Instead, you are simultaneously sending your verbal message and receiving your engagement's nonverbal letters. This is an important addition to the model because information technology allows u.s. to empathise how we are able to adapt our communication—for case, a verbal message—in the centre of sending it based on the communication we are simultaneously receiving from our advice partner.

Figure 1.3 The Transaction Model of Communication

The transaction model also includes a more complex understanding of context. The interaction model portrays context equally physical and psychological influences that enhance or impede communication. While these contexts are important, they focus on message transmission and reception. Since the transaction model of communication views communication equally a force that shapes our realities before and after specific interactions occur, information technology must account for contextual influences outside of a single interaction. To do this, the transaction model considers how social, relational, and cultural contexts frame and influence our advice encounters.

Social context refers to the stated rules or unstated norms that guide communication. Every bit nosotros are socialized into our various communities, we acquire rules and implicitly option up on norms for communicating. Some common rules that influence social contexts include don't prevarication to people, don't interrupt people, don't pass people in line, greet people when they greet you, thank people when they pay you a compliment, and then on. Parents and teachers often explicitly convey these rules to their children or students. Rules may be stated over and over, and in that location may be penalty for not following them.

Norms are social conventions that nosotros pick up on through ascertainment, do, and trial and fault. We may non even know we are breaking a social norm until we discover people looking at united states of america strangely or someone corrects or teases united states of america. For case, as a new employee you may over- or underdress for the visitor's vacation political party because you don't know the norm for formality. Although at that place probably isn't a stated rule near how to dress at the holiday party, you will detect your error without someone having to point information technology out, and you will likely non deviate from the norm again in society to save yourself whatsoever potential embarrassment. Even though breaking social norms doesn't result in the formal penalisation that might be a consequence of breaking a social dominion, the social clumsiness we feel when we violate social norms is ordinarily enough to teach usa that these norms are powerful fifty-fifty though they aren't made explicit similar rules. Norms fifty-fifty have the ability to override social rules in some situations. To go back to the examples of mutual social rules mentioned before, we may break the dominion most not lying if the lie is meant to salve someone from feeling hurt. We frequently interrupt shut friends when we're having an exciting chat, but we wouldn't be as likely to interrupt a professor while they are lecturing. Since norms and rules vary amid people and cultures, relational and cultural contexts are likewise included in the transaction model in social club to help united states of america understand the multiple contexts that influence our advice.

Relational context includes the previous interpersonal history and type of relationship we have with a person. We communicate differently with someone we only met versus someone nosotros've known for a long time. Initial interactions with people tend to exist more highly scripted and governed past established norms and rules, merely when we have an established relational context, nosotros may be able to bend or suspension social norms and rules more easily. For example, yous would likely follow social norms of politeness and considerateness and might spend the whole solar day cleaning the house for the starting time time you invite your new neighbors to visit. One time the neighbors are in your house, you may also make them the middle of your attention during their visit. If you end up becoming friends with your neighbors and establishing a relational context, you lot might not think equally much about having everything cleaned and prepared or even giving them your whole attending during afterward visits. Since communication norms and rules also vary based on the type of relationship people have, relationship type is also included in relational context. For example, there are sure advice rules and norms that apply to a supervisor-supervisee human relationship that don't apply to a brother-sister relationship and vice versa. Just as social norms and relational history influence how we communicate, so does culture.

Cultural context includes various aspects of identities such as race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, class, and ability. We volition acquire more almost these identities in Affiliate 2 "Communication and Perception", merely for at present information technology is important for united states of america to understand that whether we are aware of information technology or not, we all accept multiple cultural identities that influence our communication. Some people, peculiarly those with identities that accept been historically marginalized, are regularly aware of how their cultural identities influence their communication and influence how others communicate with them. Conversely, people with identities that are dominant or in the majority may rarely, if ever, call up almost the office their cultural identities play in their communication.

Cultural context is influenced by numerous aspects of our identities and is not express to race or ethnicity.

When cultural context comes to the forefront of a advice come across, information technology tin can be hard to manage. Since intercultural communication creates uncertainty, it can deter people from communicating beyond cultures or lead people to view intercultural advice equally negative. But if y'all avoid communicating across cultural identities, you will probable not get more comfy or competent as a communicator. Departure, equally we volition larn in Affiliate 8 "Culture and Communication", isn't a bad thing. In fact, intercultural communication has the potential to enrich diverse aspects of our lives. In society to communicate well inside diverse cultural contexts, it is of import to keep an open listen and avoid making assumptions nigh others' cultural identities. While you may be able to identify some aspects of the cultural context within a communication run into, there may also be cultural influences that you tin't see. A competent communicator shouldn't assume to know all the cultural contexts a person brings to an encounter, since non all cultural identities are visible. Every bit with the other contexts, information technology requires skill to adapt to shifting contexts, and the best way to develop these skills is through practice and reflection.

Key Takeaways

• Communication models are non complex enough to truly capture all that takes place in a communication encounter, but they can help the states examine the various steps in the process in lodge to better understand our communication and the communication of others.
• The transmission model of communication describes communication as a ane-mode, linear process in which a sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes it. The transmission of the message many be disrupted by environmental or semantic noise. This model is usually too simple to capture FtF interactions but can be usefully applied to figurer-mediated communication.
• The interaction model of advice describes advice as a two-way process in which participants alternating positions every bit sender and receiver and generate pregnant by sending and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts. This model captures the interactive aspects of communication merely withal doesn't account for how communication constructs our realities and is influenced by social and cultural contexts.
• The transaction model of advice describes communication every bit a procedure in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. This model includes participants who are simultaneously senders and receivers and accounts for how communication constructs our realities, relationships, and communities.

Exercises

1. Getting integrated: How might knowing the various components of the communication process help you in your academic life, your professional person life, and your civic life?
2. What advice situations does the transmission model best correspond? The interaction model? The transaction model?
3. Utilise the transaction model of communication to clarify a recent communication encounter you had. Sketch out the communication come across and make certain to label each part of the model (communicators; bulletin; channel; feedback; and physical, psychological, social, relational, and cultural contexts).

References

Barnlund, D. C., "A Transactional Model of Communication," in Foundations of Communication Theory, eds. Kenneth K. Sereno and C. David Mortensen (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1970), 83–92.

Ellis, R. and Ann McClintock, Yous Take My Pregnant: Theory into Practice in Human Advice (London: Edward Arnold, 1990), 71.

Schramm, W., The Beginnings of Advice Written report in America (Grand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997).

Shannon, C. and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication (Urbana, IL: Academy of Illinois Press, 1949), 16.

Thurlow, C., Laura Lengel, and Alice Tomic, Computer Mediated Communication: Social Interaction and the Internet (London: Sage, 2004), 14.

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Source: https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-2-the-communication-process/

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